81. Kripke ML, Fisher
MS: Immunologic parameters of ultraviolet carcinogenesis. J Natl
Cancer Inst 57:211-215, 1976.
82. Toews GB, Bergstresser
PR, Streilein JW: Epidermal langerhans cell density determines
whether contact hypersensitivity or unresponsiveness follows skin
painting with DNFB. J Immunol 124:445-453, 1980.
83. Wolf P, Cox P, Yarosh
DB, et al.: Sunscreens and T4N5 Liposomes differ in their ability to
protect against ultraviolet-induced sunburn cell formation,
alterations of dendritic epidermal cells, and local suppression of
contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 104(2):287-292, 1995.
84. Okamoto H, Kripke ML:
Effector and suppressor circuits of the immune response are affected
in vivo by different mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci 84:3841-3845,
1987.
85. Cooper KD, Duraiswamy
N, Hammerberg C, et al.: Neutrophils, differentiated macrophages, and
monocyte/macrophage antigen presenting cells infiltrate murine
epidermis after UV injury. J Invest Dermatol 101(2):155-163,
1993.
86. Elmets CA,
Bergstresser PR, Tigelaar RE, et al.: Analysis of the mechanism of
unresponsiveness produced by haptens painted on skin exposed to low
dose ultraviolet radiation. J Exp Med 158(3):781-794, 1983.
87. Rivas JM, Ullrich SE:
The role of IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-alpha in the immune suppression
induced by ultraviolet radiation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology
56(6):769-775, 1994.
88. Kurimoto I, Streilein
JW: Deleterious effects of cis-urocanic acid and UVB radiation on
Langerhans cells and on induction of contact hypersensitivity are
mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Invest Dermatol
99(5):69S-70S, 1992.
89. Robertson B, Gahring
L, Newton R, et al.: In vivo administration of interleukin 1 to
normal mice depresses their capacity to elicit contact
hypersensitivity responses: prostaglandins are involved in this
modification of immune function. J Invest Dermatol 88(4):380-387,
1987.
90. Rivas JM, Ullrich SE:
Systemic suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity by supernatants
from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. An essential role for
keratinocyte-derived IL-10. J Immunol 149(12):3865-3871, 1992.
91. Kopf AW, Kripke ML,
Stern RS: Sun and malignant melanoma. J Amer Acad Dermatol 11(4 Pt
1):674-684, 1984.
92. Swerdlow AJ: Incidence
of malignant melanoma of the skin in England and Wales and its
relationship to sunshine. Br Med J 2(6201):1324-1327, 1979.
93. Magnus K: Incidence of
malignant melanoma of the skin in Norway, 1955-1970. Variations in
time and space and solar radiation. Cancer 32(5):1275-1286, 1973.
94. Eklund G, Malec E:
Sunlight and incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Effect of
latitude and domicile in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic
& Reconstructive Surgery 12(3):231-241, 1978.
95. Teppo L, Pakkanen M,
Hakulinsen T: Sunlight as a risk factor of malignant melanoma of the
skin. Cancer 41(5):2018-2027, 1978.
96. Elwood JM, Lee JA,
Walter SD, et al.: Relationship of melanoma and other skin cancer
mortality to latitude and ultraviolet radiation in the United States
and Canada. International Journal of Epidemiology 3(4):325-332,
1974.
97. Scotto J, Fears TR:
The association of solar ultraviolet and skin melanoma incidence
among Caucasians in the United States. Cancer Investigation
5:275-283, 1987.
98. Pitcher HM, Longstreth
JD: Melanoma mortality and expsure to ultraviolet radiation: an
empirical relationship. Environ. int. 17:7-21, 1991.
99. Fears TR, Scotto J,
Schneiderman MA: Mathematical models of age and ultraviolet effects
on the incidence of skin cancer among whites in the United States.
American Journal of Epidemiology 105(5):420-427, 1977.
100. Muir C, Waterhouse
J, Mack T, et al., Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. IARC
Scientific Publications, No. 88, Vol. V. 1987, Lyon: IARC.
101. Whelan SL, Parkin
DM, Masuyer E, Patterns of Cancer in Five Continents. IARC Scientific
Publications, No. 102, 1990, Lyon: IARC. 29.
102. Cannon-Albright LA,
Meyer LJ, Goldgar DE, et al.: Penetrance and expressivity of the
chromosome 9p melanoma susceptibility locus (MLM). Cancer Res
54(23):6041-6044, 1994.
103. Richard MA, Grob JJ,
Gouvernet J, et al.: Role of sun exposure on nevus. First study in
age-sex phenotype-controlled populations. Arch Dermatol
129(10):1280-1285, 1993.
104. Garbe C, Buttner P,
Weiss J, et al.: Associated factors in the prevalence of more than 50
common melanocytic nevi, atypical melanocytic nevi, and actinic
lentigines: multicenter case-control study of the Central Malignant
Melanoma Registry of the German Dermatological Society. J Invest
Dermatol 102(5):700-705, 1994.
105. Slade J, Marghoob
AA, Salopek TG, et al.: Atypical mole syndrome: risk factor for
cutaneous malignant melanoma and implications for management. J Amer
Acad Dermatol 32(3):479-494, 1995.
106. Tiersten AD, Grin
CM, Kopf AW, et al.: Prospective follow-up for malignant melanoma in
patients with atypical-mole (dysplastic-nevus) syndrome. Journal of
Dermatologic Surgery & Oncology 17(1):44-48, 1991.
107. Marghoob AA, Kopf
AW, Rigel DS, et al.: Risk of malignant melanoma for patients with
"classic" atypical-mole syndrome. The Melanoma Letter 12(3):1-2,
1994.
108. Crombie IK:
Distribution of malignant melanoma on the body surface area. Br J
Cancer 43:842-849, 1981.
109. Elwood JM, Gallagher
RP: Site distribution of malignant melanoma. Candian Medical
Association Journal 128:1400-1404, 1983.
110. Larue L, Dougherty
N, Mintz B: Genetic predisposition of transgenic mouse melanocytes to
melanoma results in malignant melanoma after exposure to a low
ultraviolet B intensity nontumorigenic for normal melanocytes. Proc
Natl Acad Sci 89(20):9534-9538, 1992.
111. Setlow RB, Wookhead
AD, Grist E: Animal model for ultraviolet radiation-induced melanoma:
platyfish-swordtail hybrid. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86(22):8922-8926,
1989.
112. Setlow RB, Grist E,
Thompson K, et al.: Wavelengths effective in induction of malignant
melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90(14):6666-6670, 1993.
113. Evaluation of
carcinogenic risks to humans. IARC Monographs, Vol. 55. 1992, London:
World Health Organization. 316.
114. Swerdlow AJ, English
JSC, MacKie RM, et al.: Fluorescent lights, ultraviolet lamps, and
the risk of cutaneous melanoma. Br Med J 297:647-650, 1988.
115. Walter SD, Marrett
LD, From L, et al.: The association of cutatnous malignant melanoma
with the use of sunbeds and sunlamps. American Journal of
Epidemiology 131(2):232-243, 1990.
116. Freeman RG: Data on
the action spectrum for ultraviolet carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer
Inst 55(5):1119-1122, 1975.
117. de Gruijl FR,
Sterenborg HJ, Forbes PD, et al.: Wavelength dependence of skin
cancer induction by ultraviolet irradiation of albino hairless mice.
Cancer Res 53(1):53-60, 1993.
118. Holloway L:
Atmospheric sun protection factor on clear days: its observed
dependence on solar zenith angle and its relevance to the shadow rule
for sun protection. Photochemistry & Photobiology 56(2):229-234,
1992.
119. Menzies SW, Lukins
PB, Greenoak GE, et al.: A comparative study of fabric protection
against ultraviolet-induced erythema determined by spectrophotometric
and human skin measurements. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &
Photomedicine 8(4):157-163, 1991.
120. Stanford DG,
Georgouras KE, Pailthorpe MT: Sun protection by a summer-weight
garment: the effect of washing and wearing. Medical Journal of
Australia 162(8):422-425, 1995.
121. Robson J, Diffey BL:
Textiles and sun protection. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &
Photomedicine 7(1):32-34, 1990.
122. Jevtic AP: The sun
protective effect of clothing, including beachwear. Aust J Derm
31(1):5-7, 1990.
123. Morales S-V, M.,
Llopis G, A., Ferrer C, E.: Non-melanoma skin cancer: an evaluation
of risk in terms of ultraviolet exposure. European Journal of
Epidemiology 8(6):838-844, 1992.
124. Diffey BL, Cheeseman
J: Sun protection with hats. Br J Dermatol 127(1):10-12, 1992.
125. Eller MS, Yaar M,
Gilchrest BA: DNA damage and melanogenesis. Nature 372(6505):413-414,
1994.
126. Gange RW, Blackett
AD, Matzinger EA, et al.: Comparative protection efficiency of UVA-
and UVB-induced tans against erythema and formation of
endonuclease-sensitive sites in DNA by UVB in human skin. J Invest
Dermatol 85(4):362-364, 1985.
127. Nonaka S, Kaidbey
KH, Kligman AM: Photoprotective adaptation. Some quantitative
aspects. Arch Dermatol 120(5):609-612, 1984.
128. Sambuco CP:
Miniature swine as an animal model in photodermatology: factors
influencing sunburn cell formation. Photo-Dermatology 2(3):144-150,
1985.
129. Leipold B, Remy W:
Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex for measurement of UV lesions
in human DNA by microELISA. Journal of Immunological Methods
66(2):227-234, 1984.
130. Fourtanier A,
Berrebi C: Miniature pig as an animal model to study photoaging.
Photochemistry & Photobiology 50(6):771-784, 1989.
131. Sterling GB:
Sunscreens: A Review. Cutis 50:221-224, 1992.
132. Stiller MJ, Davis
IC, Shupack JL: A concise guide to topical sunscreens: state of the
art. Int J Dermatol 31(8):540-543, 1992.
133. DeSimone EMn: FDA
proposes changes in sunscreen regulations. American Pharmacy
NS34(6):26-31, 1994.
134. Drug facts and
comparisons, 1995, St Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons. p.562a.
135. Boyd AS, Naylor M,
Cameron GS, et al.: The effects of chronic sunscreen use on the
histologic changes of dermatoheliosis. J Amer Acad Dermatol
33(6):941-946, 1995.
136. Applegate LA, Ley
RD, Alcalay J, et al.: Identification of the molecular target for the
suppression of contact hypersensitivity by ultraviolet radiation. J
Exp Med 170(4):1117-1131, 1989.
137. Miyagi T, Bhutto A,
Nonaka S: The effects of sunscreens on UVB erythema and Langerhans
cell depression. Journal of Dermatology 21(9):645-651, 1994.
138. Reeve VE, Bosnic M,
Boehm-Wilcox C, et al.: Differential protection by two sunscreens
from UV radiation-induced immunosuppression. J Invest Dermatol
97(4):624-628, 1991.
139. De Rijcke S, Heenen
M: Decrease of ultraviolet-induced DNA injury in human skin by
p-aminobenzoic acid esters. Dermatologica 179(4):196-199, 1989.
140. Lowe NJ, Breeding J:
Evaluation of sunscreen protection by measurement of epidermal DNA
synthesis. J Invest Dermatol 74(3):181-182, 1980.
141. Freeman SE, Ley RD,
Ley KD: Sunscreen protection against UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in
DNA of human skin in situ. Photo-Dermatology 5(6):243-247, 1988.
142. Wolf P, Yarosh DB,
Kripke ML: Effects of sunscreens and a DNA excision repair enzyme on
ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation, immune suppression, and
cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation in mice. J Invest Dermatol
101(4):523-527, 1993.
143. van Praag MC, Roza
L, Boom BW, et al.: Determination of the photoprotective efficacy of
a topical sunscreen against UVB-induced DNA damage in human
epidermis. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology. B - Biology
19(2):129-134, 1993.
144. Tornaletti S, Rozek
D, Pfeifer GP: The distribution of UV photoproducts along the human
p53 gene and its relation to mutations in skin cancer. Oncogene
8(8):2051-2057, 1993.
145. Naylor M, Neldner K,
Yarbrough G, et al.: Contact immunotherapy of resistant warts. J Amer
Acad Dermatol 19(4):679-683, 1988.
146. Thompson SC, Jolley
D, Marks R: Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. N
Engl J Med 329(16):1147-1151, 1993.
147. Naylor MF, Boyd A,
Smith DW, et al.: High Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Sunscreens in the
Suppression of Actinic Neoplasia. Arch Dermatol 131(2):170-175,
1995.
148. Owens DW, Knox JM,
Hudson HT, et al.: Influence of wind on chronic ultraviolet
light-induced carcinogenesis. Br J Dermatol 97(3):285-287, 1977.
149. Mills J, Hauer L,
Gottlieb A, et al.: Recurrent herpes labialis in skiers. Clinical
observations and effect of sunscreen. American Journal of Sports
Medicine 15(1):76-78, 1987.
150. Owens DW: Effect of
heat, wind, and humidity on ultraviolet injury. Int J Dermatol
17(1):52-54, 1978.
151. Diffey BL, Larko O:
Clinical climatology. Photo-Dermatology 1(1):30-37, 1984.
152. Bissett DL, McBride
JF, Hannon DP, et al.: Time-dependent decrease in sunscreen
protection against chronic photodamage in UVB-irradiated hairless
mouse skin. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology 9; B -
Biology(3-4):323-334, 1991.
153. Odio M, Veres D,
Goodman J, et al.: Comparative efficacy of sunscreen reapplication
regimens in children exposed to ambient sunlight. Photodermatology,
Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 10(3):118-125, 1994.
154. Zaynoun S, Anderson
RR: Cumulative effects of repeated subthreshold doses of ultraviolet
radiation. J Invest Dermatol 76(5):356-358, 1981.
155. Kaidbey KH: The
photoprotective potential of the new superpotent sunscreens. J Amer
Acad Dermatol 22(3):449-452, 1990.
156. Ziegler A, Jonason
AS, Leffell DJ, et al.: Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer.
Nature 372(6508):773-776, 1994.
157. Bech-Thomsen N,
Poulsen T, Christensen FG, et al.: UVA tanning devices interact with
solar-simulated UV radiation in skin tumor development in hairless
mice. Arch Dermatol Res 284(6):353-357, 1992.
158. Talve L, Stenback F,
Jansen CT: UVA irradiation increases the incidence of epithelial
tumors in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Photodermatology,
Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 7(3):109-115, 1990.
159. Urbach F: Sunscreen
not mutagenic. Medical Journal of Australia 2(5):284, 1980.
160. Bonin AM, Arlauskas
AP, Angus DS, et al.: UV-absorbing and other sun-protecting
substances: genotoxicity of 2-ethylhexyl P-methoxycinnamate. Mutation
Res 105(5):303-308, 1982.
161. Henderson L, Fedyk
J, Bourner C, et al.: Photomutagenicity assays in bacteria: factors
affecting assay design and assessment of photomutagenic potential of
para-aminobenzoic acid. Mutagenesis 9(5):459-465, 1994.
162. Dean SW, Lane M,
Dunmore RH, et al.: Development of assays for the detection of
photomutagenicity of chemicals during exposure to UV light--I. Assay
development. Mutagenesis 6(5):335-341, 1991.
163. Gichner T, Baburek
I, Veleminsky J, et al.: UV-irradiation potentiates the
antimutagenicity of p-aminobenzoic and p-aminosalicylic acids in
Salmonella typhimurium. Mutation Res 249(1):119-123, 1991.
164. Knowland J, McKenzie
EA, McHugh PJ, et al.: Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common
sunscreen ingredient. FEBS Letters 324(3):309-313, 1993.
165. Mondon P, Shahin MM:
Protective effect of two sunscreens against lethal and genotoxic
effects of UVB in V79 Chinese hamster cells and Saccharomyces
cerevisiae strains XV185-14C and D5. Mutation Res 279(2):121-128,
1992.
166. Gallagher CH,
Greenoak GE, Reeve VE, et al.: Ultraviolet carcinogenesis in the
hairless mouse skin. Influence of the sunscreen
2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate. Australian Journal of Experimental
Biology & Medical Science 62(( Pt 5)):577-588, 1984.
167. Fitzpatrick TB: The
validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI.
Arch Dermatol 124(6):869-871, 1988.
168. Potter TS, Hashimoto
K: Cutaneous photosensitivity to medications. Comprehensive Therapy
20(7):414-417, 1994.
169. Allen JE:
Drug-induced photosensitivity. Clinical Pharmacy 12(8):580-587,
1993.